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Patajali, who lived three centuries after Pini, wrote the Mahbhya, the Great Commentary on the Adhyy and Vrtikas. Because of these three ancient Sanskrit grammarians this grammar is called Trimuni Vykarana. Jayaditya and Vmana wrote a commentary named Kik in 6. CE. Kaiyaas 1. AD commentary on Patajalis Mahbhya also exerted much influence on the development of grammar, but more influential was the Rupvatra of Buddhist scholar Dharmakrti which popularised simplified versions of Sanskrit grammar. The most influential work of the Early Modern period was Siddhnta Kaumud by Bhaoji Dkita 1. Varadarja. European grammatical scholarship began in the 1. Jean Franois Pons and others, and culminated in the exhaustive expositions by 1. Otto Boehtlingk, William Dwight Whitney, Jacob Wackernagel and others. Classification of verbseditSanskrit has ten classes of verbs plus one used in the Vedas divided into two broad groups athematic and thematic. The thematic verbs are so called because an a, called the theme vowel, is inserted between the stem and the ending. This serves to make the thematic verbs generally more regular. Exponents used in verb conjugation include prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and reduplication. Every root has not necessarily all distinct zero, gua, and vddhi grades. If V is the vowel of the zero grade, the gua grade vowel is traditionally thought of as a V, and the vddhi grade vowel as V. Tense systemseditThe verb tenses a very inexact application of the word, since more distinctions than simply tense are expressed are organized into four systems as well as gerunds and infinitives, and such creatures as intensivesfrequentatives, desideratives, causatives, and benedictives derived from more basic forms based on the different stem forms derived from verbal roots used in conjugation. There are four tense systems Present systemeditThe present system includes the present tense and the imperfect past imperfective,citation needed the optative and imperative moods, as well as some of the remnant forms of the old subjunctive. The tense stem of the present system is formed in various ways. The numbers are the native grammarians numbers for these classes. Perfect systemeditThe perfect system includes only the perfect. The stem is formed with reduplication as with the present system. The perfect system also produces separate strong and weak forms of the verbthe strong form is used with the singular active, and the weak form with the rest. Aorist systemeditThe aorist system includes aorist proper with past indicative meaning, e. The principal distinction of the two is presenceabsence of an augment a prefixed to the stem. The aorist system stem actually has three different formations the simple aorist, the sibilant aorist, and the reduplicating aorist, which is semantically related to the causative verb. Future systemeditThe future system is formed with the suffixation of sya or iya and gua. Verbs then conjugate as though they were thematic verbs in the present system. The imperfect of the future system is used as a conditional. Verbs conjugationeditEach verb has a grammatical voice, whether active, passive or middle. There also is an impersonal voice, which can be described as the passive voice of intransitive verbs. Sanskrit verbs have an indicative, an optative and an imperative mood. Older forms of the language had a subjunctive, though this had fallen out of use by the time of Classical Sanskrit. Basic conjugational endingseditConjugational endings in Sanskrit convey person, number, and voice. Different forms of the endings are used depending on what tense stem and mood they are attached to. Verb stems or the endings themselves may be changed or obscured by sandhi. Active. Middle. Person. Singular. Dual. Plural. Singular. Dual. Plural. Primary. 1mivmvhemhe. Xpadder Game Profiles on this page. Secondary. 1amvm, vhimhi. Perfect. 1avmvhemhe. Imperative. 1nivamaivahimahi. Primary endings are used with present indicative and future forms. Secondary endings are used with the imperfect, conditional, aorist, and optative. Perfect and imperative endings are used with the perfect and imperative respectively. NominalseditSanskrit is a highly inflected language with three grammatical genders masculine pulliga, feminine strliga, and neuter napusakaliga and three numbers singular ekavacanam, dual dvivacanam, and plural bahuvacanam. It has eight cases nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, and locative. The number of actual declensions is debatable. Pini identifies six krakas corresponding to the nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, locative, and ablative cases. Pini defines them as follows Ashtadhyayi, I. Apdna lit. take off that which is firm when departure takes place. This is the equivalent of the ablative case, which signifies a stationary object from which movement proceeds. Sampradna bestowal he whom one aims at with the object. This is equivalent to the dative case, which signifies a recipient in an act of giving or similar acts. Karaa instrument that which effects most. This is equivalent to the instrumental case. Adhikaraa location or substratum. This is equivalent to the locative case. Karman deedobject what the agent seeks most to attain. This is equivalent to the accusative case. Kart agent hethat which is independent in action. This is equivalent to the nominative case. On the basis of Scharfe, 1. The genitive sambandha and vocative sambodhanacases are not equivalent to any kraka in Pinis grammar. In this article they are divided into five declensions. The declension to which a noun belongs to is determined largely by form. Basic noun and adjective declensioneditThe basic scheme of suffixation is given in the table belowvalid for almost all nouns and adjectives. Windows 7 Professional 32 Bit Highly Compressed Software here. However, according to the gender and the ending consonantvowel of the uninflected word stem, there are predetermined rules of compulsory sandhi which would then give the final inflected word. The parentheses give the case terminations for the neuter gender, the rest are for masculine and feminine gender. Both Devanagari script and IAST transliterations are given. Case name. Case number. Singular. Dual. Plural. Nominativekart1 s m au as iAccusativekarma2 am m au as iInstrumentalkaraa3 bhym bhis. Dativesampradna4 e bhym bhyas. Ablativeapdna5 as bhym bhyas.